I. Dog Tags, Name Tapes and Insignia
II. OG-107 Utilities

III. Jungle Fatigues

IV. Jungle Boots

V. Headgear

VI. Equipment Loads

VII. "Gear at a Glance" US Army and USMC Field Gear and Flak Vests

VIII. Rucksacks

IX. Machetes

X. Weapons At A Glance

XI. Assembling A Rifle For Reenacting

 

I. Dog Tags, Name Tapes and Insignia

Dog Tags: Due to the size of the dog tag section, we have moved it to its own page. Please click the link to go to the dog tag reference page. Dog Tag Reference.

Name Tapes: The use, location, and styles of name tapes varied greatly during the Vietnam War. Originally, the OG-107 Utility Uniform and the Tropical Combat Coat used a white cotton web name tape placed above the right pocket. The name tape had the soldiers last name either stenciled or embroidered in black. The "US ARMY" tape was a woven nylon tape in black with yellow letters. Due to the visibility of these tapes, they were ordered to be "subdued" (black print on OD green web tape) in the summer of 1966. There are many variations on the letters, size, and type of web used as locally made insignia in Vietnam was typically of poor quality and troops were encouraged to procure their own subdued insignia from tailors and alteration shops in the states before departing for Vietnam. As for location of the tapes on the uniform, they were originally worn in a confused mixture of parallel to the ground, and angled to run along the line of the slant pocket. In February 1968, the tapes were ordered to be worn parallel to the ground or "straight". However, in September 1969, they were ordered to be "slanted" to run along the pocket flap. The idea was that it would be easier to view the entire name.

Divisional Insignia: Like the name tapes, divisional insignia were initially worn in full color. In June 1966 subdued division patches were authorized. However, due to shortages, resistance to change, and more pressing supply issues, it took until the end of 1967 to get reasonable stocks of US made embroidered subdued patches. For expediency in manufacturing, these first subdued US made patches were "twill" referring to the fact that only the black parts were sewn on green twill fabric and the fabric was left exposed for the green areas. In response to the shortage on divisional patches, many soldiers acquired locally made copies of the twill subdued patches also referred to as "theater made" variants. These theater made twill patches differed from US produced twill patches in that the patch details were hand sewn in black thread on OD Green cotton twill. This gave the patches the "rough" look and made each one individual. In 1968, the Army authorized merrowed edge subdued patches and began production of "fully embroidered" patches where both the black and green are sewn. Despite this authorization in 1968, the most commonly seen shoulder sleeve insignia in the 1960's were the US and theater produced twill subdued variety. This coupled with the fact that twill patches were not authorized for wear stateside, make the twill variants distinctly "Vietnam" in use. It should be noted however that some units held to their full color patches fiercely and never really accepted the new subdued insignia. Units such as the 82nd Airborne Division, 101st Airborne Division, and 1st Infantry Division can be seen wearing full color division insignia as their units withdrew from Vietnam.

Rank Insignia: Like Name Tapes, rank insignia were initially worn in full color. In June 1966 subdued sleeve patches for rank were authorized. However, due to shortages, resistance to change and more pressing supply issues, it took until the end of 1967 to get reasonable stocks of subdued patches. In response to this shortage and the difficulties of getting the correct laundry to soldiers who remained in various combat zones, a new solution was adopted. In July 1968, it was announced that units in Vietnam were authorized to wear pin-on subdued insignia  "as available." At the same time, they announced a one year "grace" period and stated that the pin-on insignia would not be mandatory issue until July 1, 1969. After this date, all personnel in Vietnam were to wear the pin-on insignia. The idea was that the laundry could get a stack of uniforms with the correct divisional insignia to a firebase, but could not guarantee the correct ranks and on the correct sizes. By using pin on rank insignia, the soldier could simply take the pins from his dirty uniform and place them on the clean one. The use of subdued sleeve rank insignia (patches) was by far the majority through 1967 and 1968 while 1969 maintained a strong mix of both despite the mandatory announcement. By 1970 however you see almost an exclusive use of the pin-on insignia.

II. OG-107 Utilities

Intro: There are three basic types or "patterns" for the OG-107 Cotton Sateen Utility Uniform. The uniform was the standard for both stateside use and overseas deployment at the beginning of the Vietnam War. As the Tropical Combat Uniform (jungle fatigues) became more plentiful in Vietnam, they began to replace the OG-107 Uniform in combat units. A rough timeline is that line infantry units from "standard" divisions (non airborne and SF) began receiving jungles in the Spring of 1966 and the OG-107 was slowly relegated to use in rear areas. In the United States and foreign postings (outside of SE Asia), the OG-107's remained the standard uniform throughout the 1960's and 70's. This is one of the longest issued uniforms by the US Military seeing use from 1952 until the adoption of the Woodland Pattern BDU in 1982.

Basic Design: All of the OG-107 Uniforms (herein known as OG-107's) shared several basic design features. They were made out of an 8.5 ounce cotton sateen. The shirt was meant to be worn tucked in and consisted of a button front and two simple patch pockets on the upper chest that closed by means of a buttoned flap. The pants were a straight leg pant with two simple patch pockets in the front with slash openings and two simple patch pockets on the back with a button flap.

First Model "Type I": The First Model OG-107's were introduced in 1952 and remained virtually unchanged through their 10 year production run. The shirt featured a sleeve with no true cuff or buttons; it was simply a straight sleeve with a simple hem at the cuff. The shirt's two chest pockets and the pants rear two pockets had a rectangular pocket flap that buttoned. The buttons were the old "dished" style and most of the 50's production are a dark brown color while the majority of 60's production are dark green. The pants also have a simple adjustment tab on the waist that can be buttoned. The shirt and pants were also sized in groups such as Small, Medium, Large, etc. The First Model OG-107 was replaced in April of 1963 when specs came out for the second model. It should be noted that when you look at photographs, this is by far the most common pattern seen in Vietnam in the early to mid 1960's as a result of the long production time.

Second Model "Type II": The Second Model OG-107's were specified for production in April of 1963 and had several slight variations from the First Model. The only change of any real significance is the alteration of the pocket flaps on the coat. The corners of the pocket flaps were "clipped" so that they no longer appeared rectangular. As with the First Model, the shirt and pants were also sized in groups such as Small, Medium, Large, etc. Due to the limited production time before the Third Model was specified, these are not seen nearly as often as the First Model or Third Model.

Third Model "Type III": The Third Model OG-107 is the version that most people are familiar with and can be split into two categories based on time of manufacture and material. This model was specified at the very end of 1964 and was still the standard 8.5 ounce cotton sateen. However, due to the changes and production / distribution time, they are not really seen until 1966. The Third Model maintained all of the key distinctive style features such as the pockets, etc., but they have some key differences. The two shirt chest pockets received a pointed pocket flap. The shirt also received a button cuff at the wrist. The buttons were changed to the "standard" dull plastic button as used on jungle fatigues (and later BDU's). Another change to the pant was the removal of the waist adjustment tab. Both the shirt and pant also adopted the "true measurement" sizing style. For example, pants were marked in waist and inseam length (32" x 34" would show a pant with a 32" waist and 34" inseam) and the shirts were marked in neck size and sleeve length (16.5" x 34" would show a shirt with a 16.5" neck and a 34" sleeve length). The second category of this model as mentioned above came in to use in the mid-1970's and was in production until being replaced by Woodland BDU's . This second category was created when the material was switched from 100% cotton to a 50/50 blend of Poly / Cotton. These mixed OG-107's are often referred to as "Dura-Press" due to the fact that they do not require extensive starching and they can often be quickly identified by a yellow tag in the garment.

III. Jungle Fatigues

Intro: There are three basic types or "patterns" of Tropical Combat Uniforms used in Vietnam with the third style being divided into subcategories. As background, the United States had a difficult time in implementing the Tropical Uniforms and maintaining sufficient stocks. It was not until 1967 that Tropical Uniforms were authorized for all personnel in Vietnam. Note: Approximate dates are given for each type, however, the earlier types saw use throughout the war. The supply stocks were stretched and soldiers wore out the light weight uniforms with alarming speed. Photographic evidence clearly shows first and second pattern fatigues being worn much later in the war. Remember, just because a new design is introduced does not mean that all of the old stocks were liquidated.

Basic Design: All of the Tropical Combat Uniforms (herein known as jungle fatigues) shared several basic characteristics. The coat consisted of two slant pockets on the chest and two lower bellows pockets. Each of these pockets closed with two buttons and the coat had a button front closure. The pants consisted of two hip pockets with single button closure, two slash pockets at the hips and two bellows pockets on the thigh with dual button closure. The left thigh bellows pocket also had a "hidden" survival pocket located inside. The pants could be either button fly or zip. A "quick check" to tell modern pants from Vietnam vintage is to check for: 1) VN era pants do not have seat re-enforcements, or knee re-enforcements 2) VN era pants have one button for each hip pocket, not two as on modern pants 3) VN era pants have the "hidden" pocket inside the left thigh bellows pocket.

First Pattern "Type I": The first pattern jungle fatigues were adopted in 1963 and were made of 5.5 ounce cotton poplin dyed Army Shade Olive Green 107 or "OG-107". The pattern is easily distinguishable as the coat and the pants had "exposed" buttons. The coat featured the standard pocket lay out, but the closure buttons were not covered. The coat also had shoulder epaulettes, side take up tabs, and an integrated gas flap that could be buttoned internally to better cover the neck and prevent chemical / gas agents from entering through the front button closure. The pants also had the exposed buttons on the pockets and featured leg ties attached in the bellows pockets that could be retracted back in to the pocket. The pants also featured button side take up tabs and an integrated gas flap. I have seen countless photos of this pattern in 1966 and many even later.

Second Pattern "Type II": In August 1964, the Army Material Command ordered a revision to the jungle fatigue design. They found that the exposed buttons had a tendency to snag on brush, and addressed this issue. The buttons on the coat and pants were covered, but the epaulettes, side take up tabs, and gas flap were retained. The fabric was changed to 6 ounce cotton poplin to help them wear better and the OG-107 color was retained. This style entered Vietnam in late 1965 and were soon  to be replaced in 1967 by the third pattern though they are commonly seen through 1968..

Third Pattern "Type III": The third pattern fatigues which were introduced in late 1966 / early 1967 were a simplified version of the second pattern. The coat lost its side take up tabs, gas flap, and shoulder epaulettes. The pants shifted to a web slide take up tab on the waist and lost the gas flap and leg ties. This pattern is slightly more complicated as it was issued in two classes. Class I was OG-107, or green and Class II was ERDL Camouflage in either green dominant  (middle photos) or brown dominant (last two photos) depending on the region they were being issued to

Class I OG-107 (green) jungle fatigues were first produced in poplin cotton with very limited ripstop production occuring in late 1967. However in mid / late 1968, the more durable ripstop had taken over the  majority of production and 1969 saw the end of poplin production as manufacturers finished out early 3rd pattern contracts with stock poplin material on hand. Despite the manufacturing shift to ripstop, poplin remained the most commonly encountered OD jungle fatigues through 1968 simply due to the volume that had been produced. By 1969, you see ripstop in the field in large numbers though poplin can be found in use throughout the end of the war.

Class II ERDL (Camouflage) jungle fatigues were first produced in 1967 in cotton poplin and switched to ripstop in 1968. That being stated, you will find poplin in use through the end of the war. Initially  issued in both green and brown dominant (depending on the intended terrain), the camouflage pattern was later standardized to reduce supply strains. Initially, the ERDL camo was issued to priority "elite" troops including SOG, SF, LRRP / Ranger Companies, Force Recon, Navy SEALs, Pathfinders, etc. Though never heavily used outside of "elite" forces in the US Army, by the end of 1969 all Marine Corps line infantry were wearing the green dominant ERDL.
         

IV. Tropical Combat Boots

Intro: There are seven basic "patterns" of boots used during the Vietnam War. There are two versions of the all leather combat boot which was the principal boot worn when US troops deployed to Vietnam. The leather boots saw continued use through out the war in rear areas, aviation, and other circumstances where a nylon boot was not desirable. There are five basic styles of Tropical Combat Boots or "Jungle Boots" starting with the Okinawa Boot and moving on to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Pattern (in both Vibram Sole and Panama Sole) Jungle Boots.

Combat Boot, Leather: The boot that most troops deployed to Vietnam with. This was the most common footwear in Vietnam in 65 and early 66. As jungle boots increased in supply, the leather boots were relegated to rear support areas and to aviation personnel (to reduce risk of injury in event of a fire). The early "McNamara" Boots (first two pictures, bottom boot) featured a stitched on sole that was relatively smooth with a small diamond tread pattern around the ball of the foot. The direct molded vulcanized sole came out in 1967 and often referred to as "Ripple" pattern sole (third and fourth photos).

Okinawa Boot: These were made in the 1950's and are the US Army's first attempt at a modern jungle boot. The boots are basically WWII Double Buckle boots that have been redesigned with canvas parts for tropical climates. The boots are often seen worn by early advisors who departed for Vietnam from Okinawa, hence the name. At this point, the lug soles were still stitched to the body of the boot.

First Pattern Jungle Boot: There is some discrepancy as to when these were released, but the pair pictured below are NOS and clearly dated 1962. The date is located on a white tag that is sewn into the tongue of the boot. They were the basic "black leather and green canvas" of all of the VN era boots. However, they were distinctive in that they had a leather band at the top of the boot and a leather backstay that  ran from the heel to the top of the boot. They also lacked the nylon ankle reinforcing band of the later style boots. The first pattern boots featured the first DMS (Direct Molded Sole where the sole was bonded to the upper in a vulcanization process) sole in the Vibram pattern.

Second Pattern Jungle Boot: This was an improvement over the first pattern in that the top band of leather and the backstay running from the ankle to the top of the boot were changed to nylon. At this time, the boots still lacked an ankle reinforcement. As for the time introduced, once again there is no "perfect date", but the earliest pair that I have personally seen were July 1965 dated. The pair shown below are June 1966 dated. This boot also featured the same Vibram Pattern Sole as the First Pattern.

Third Pattern Jungle Boot (Vibram Sole): This boot featured the same all cotton upper construction like the first and second pattern, and the second pattern's nylon backstay reinforcement and top binding. The most noticeable difference is the addition of a nylon ankle reinforcing band. These boots were first issued with  the same Vibram Sole of the first and second model jungle boots. However, they were improved in 1966 with the introduction of the new Spike Protective Sole which consisted of a steel plate bonded into the footbed of the DMS Vibram pattern sole. The earliest pair of Third Pattern Jungle Boots with the Vibram sole that I have personally seen were dated November 1965. The latest pair that I have seen were March 1968 dated. Despite the switch to the Panama Sole production in the late 1960's, the vast stocks of jungle boots in Vietnam were Vibram sole and they are far more commonly found than the Panama Sole.

Third Pattern Jungle Boot (Panama Sole): The upper of this boot is identical to the Third Pattern Jungle Boot with the Vibram sole, except that it has the Spike Protective Panama Sole. The Panama Sole with spike protection was approved in 1966 along with the new spike plate being added to the Vibram sole, but does not seem to be used on production boots until mid 1967. The delay is likely a result of the extensive process required to make new molds and the fact that manufacturers still had existing contracts for the old sole. The pair shown below are the earliest that I have seen and are June 1967 dated. However, it is not uncommon to see boots from Late 1967 and early to mid 1968 with Vibram soles as well (see above). From 1969 on, production is exclusively Panama. Despite these production dates, the Panama sole never reached the issue numbers of the Vibram during the Vietnam War and are not as commonly seen.

Notes: When shopping for leather boots, check to make sure that the boots do not have a "notched" relief cut in the lacing area at approximately ankle height. When shopping for Jungle Boots, check the tongue of the boot or the reinforcing band at the top of the boot for an ink stamp that includes the date of manufacture. If this stamp is worn, check the heel of the boot for a short stitch line running perpendicular to the sole. The vast majority of VN era boots have this stitch, but it is not a 100% guarantee that all boots with the stitch are VN era as I have seen post war boots with the stitch dated as late as 1980. As a side note I have seen several pair of late 60's dated boots made by Endicott Johnson Corp that do not have the stitch.

V. Headgear

Cap, Field, Hot Weather, OG-106: The ever present and seldom loved "ball cap" was introduced in 1962 and made through the 1970's. One important thing to remember about the ball cap is the "quick" check to determine its vintage as this is a current production item. Both the Vietnam production and current production cap consists of six "panels" and a bill. Vietnam hats have ventilation holes stitched into all of the panels including the front two. On post war hats, the vent holes on the front were left off to give it a more "military" appearance. So if it is missing the tag, look for vent holes on the front.

Hat, Jungle, With Insect Net: First and foremost, the Boonie did not reach Vietnam as a standard Army procured item until August 1967. The hat featured an adjustable chin strap, had a tight HBT weave nylon foliage ring, and a removable insect net which was simply a piece of netting with elastic at the top and bottom which could be paced over the hat. These hats were produced in Cotton Poplin in 1967 and 1968. In 1968, the Army also authorized the ERDL camouflage version, but they were slow to reach Vietnam and in limited quantities. By 1969 the Boonie was produced in Cotton Rip-Stop. The OD Boonies that I have in my collection (67 and 68), both ripstop and poplin are labeled Hat, Jungle, With Insect Net, and the ripstop ERDL Boonie that I have in my collection (69) is labeled Hat, Camouflage, Tropical, Combat, Type II.

In the early 1980's, the Air Force contracted a number of Cotton Poplin Boonies, but they are easy to distinguish from the Vietnam Era boonies as they (like all new made boonies) are labeled Hat, Sun instead of Hat, Jungle.

VI. Combat GI Issue Load

Introduction: The purpose of this section is to help you decide what items you could expect to have in your impression. This list is not complete nor does it take into account personal weapons or mission parameters. This is just the "basic load" as issued to US Infantry.

Uniform: Tropical Combat Coat and Pants, Boots, underwear, undershirt, cushion sole socks, trouser belt, Dog Tags, Cap, Utility (ball cap) and Hat, Tropical w/ insect net (Boonie).

Equipment: M1 Helmet with Liner, Camouflage Cover, Camouflage Helmet Band. Flak Jacket, Poncho Liner, Poncho, Gas Mask (special issue), Air Mattress, Mess Kit, Rucksack.

Web Gear: Equipment Belt, Load Bearing Suspenders, Canteen with Cup and Cover (2), Small Arms Ammunition Pouch (2), Combat Field Pack, First Aid Case, Entrenching Tool with Cover.

VII. "Gear at a Glance" US Army and Marine Corps

M-56 Revisions: As a quick background, there are several revisions / production changes that occurred on the M-56 series of webgear. As mentioned above, The basic set consists of: Equipment Belt, Load Bearing Suspenders, Canteen with Cup and Cover (2), Small Arms Ammunition Pouch (2), Combat Field Pack, First Aid Case, Entrenching Tool with Cover.  Several of these items received upgrades during revisions of 1961 and some minor changes during other production years. This is a quick list of the main changes that occurred. M-56 Suspenders: The suspenders originally had simple wire buckles on each strap. These are referred to as "4-wire" suspenders and lack the snaps of later suspenders. In 61 specs were changed to make the front hooks out of aluminum and the rear hooks became the standard gated snap. You see these changes in the 1063 production year. A later change in the suspenders was the use of nylon for the underneath padding of the suspender body. These suspenders are typically early 70's production. M-56 pistol Belt: The Pistol belt was originally issued in 1956 with a horizontal weave body (left to right). There is no documentation that I have seen that proves the date for the authorization for vertical wave belts, but it is safe to assume that this change occurred with the revisions of 1961 as there are vertical weave (up and down) belts that are dated 1962 and photo documentation of them being used pre-65/66. The horizontal weave belts were made in conjunction with the vertical up to about 65, likely as a result of pre-existing contracts being filled. In 65/66 they also began producing belts with the Trapezoid shaped "Davis buckle." These buckles never replaced the standard ball fastener system, but seem to be made in limited numbers throughout the mid to late 60's. M-56 Universal Small Arms Ammo Pouch: The original pouches were produced with a stiffener in the front of the pouch and the closure toggle has a grommet in the end. In 1961 the specs were changed to drop the stiffener and the grommet. An interesting side experiment of the M-56 ammo pouch was the Pouch, Ammunition, M-16A1 Rifle that was produced for about 6 months from late 67 into early 68. These are commonly referred to as "short" M-56 ammo pouches as they look identical to the M-56 pouch except that they are shorter to accommodate the 20rd M16 magazine. The short production time is due to the fact that the M-67 nylon ammo pouch was introduced into production and replaced it.  M-56 Canteen Cover: The canteen cover was issued without major changes from 1956 though 1966. By 1967 production of the canteens included a nylon trim as opposed to the earlier cotton trim around the closure snaps. 1qt Canteen and Canteen Cup: The 1qt canteen in 1956 was essentially the same metal body with plastic cap carried throughout WWII and Korea. In 1962, the plastic 1qt canteens were designed and began limited production in 63 on a larger scale. However, it is not until the mid-60's that they become the most common style. The canteen cup did not change, except that most manufacturers quit date stamping the canteen cup after 65. M-56 / M-61 Individual Field Pack: The "buttpack" was originally a square design with no liner. In 1961 the pack was revised to be larger and it had the addition of the rubber throat in the liner. M-56 Compass / First Aid Pouch: The pouch was originally sewn with a flat seam on the edges and no trim. It also lacked a drain hole in the bottom. In 1961 it was revised to include a cotton trim around the edges and a drain hole in the bottom. M-51 Entrenching Tool and Cover: The E-Tool did not receive any significant changes (the color was changed from 50's production to 60's production) and was replaced by the entirely new M-67 tri-fold e-tool in the late 60's.

US Army Early-Mid (M-56 Gear): Note cotton trim on canteen covers, early square M-56 butt pack, and standard M-56 Universal Ammunition Pouches. Also shown is the M-52 Flak Jacket from the Korean War. This jacket was used exclusively in Vietnam until 1967.

 

US Army Mid-Late (M-56 Gear): Note nylon trim on canteen covers, larger M-61 butt pack with rubberized liner, and "short" M-16A1 Ammunition Pouches designed specifically for the 20 round M-16 mags. See below for Lightweight Rucksack. Also shown is the 3/4 collar Flak Jacket introduced as an improvement over the M-52.

 

US Army Late (M-67 Gear): Note that the cotton equipment has been replaced with nylon and that the metal snap closures have been replaced with plastic. The plastic would soon be replaced by metal as it was found to be too fragile. Also note the redesigned tri-fold shovel. This gear was put together for reference purposes only and it should be noted that the M-67 nylon gear was issued in pieces and not as complete sets. I have never seen a period photo where a soldier has all 67' gear. Also shown is the Variable Body Armor from Graham Sherwood's Vietnam Database (see links section). See below for Tropical Rucksack.

US Marine Corps: Note the WWII era M-41 Suspenders with late WWII US Army load bearing shoulder pads. It was also common practice to secure the separate suspender halves with a grenade ring or piece of wire / tape. The suspenders hold the M-61 belt with snap fasteners. Note the single M-14 ammo pouches and M-1910 hangers on the gear as opposed to Alice Clips. The USMC Jungle Pouch was also much larger than the US Army version and held more medical supplies. Also shown are the M-41 Haversack with entrenching tool and Mitchell Pattern Shelter Half. Of special note is the proliferation of WWII and Korean Era US Army gear in use by the Marines. Also shown is the M-55 Flak Jacket used exclusively by the Marines in Vietnam. Distinctive by its short collar and rope ridge sewn into the right shoulder. This example is 68' dated and has the lower pockets added. Earlier vests did not incorporate this feature. 

 

US Marine Corps Jungle First Aid Pouch: Below are pictures of the first aid pouch packed with contents, the contents laid out, and a scan of the original packing list.

Canteens: I have been asked many times about the various patterns for the 2 quart canteens and covers, so we are adding them here to the reference section.

The first and second photos are the 1st. Pattern 2qt Canteen from the Vietnam War. Introduced in 1963 and made through 1964, this pattern featured a removable bladder and integrated shoulder strap with a "lift the dot" fastener. The second variation of this cover, or the "2nd. Pattern" (see third and fourth photos) used the same bladder, but the carrier was redesigned with belt clips as opposed to the shoulder strap and it used a velcro closure and a pocket was added for water purification tablets. These were manufactured in late 1965 and 1966.

The "semi-rigid" 2qt bladder introduced in 1967 also came with a new "3rd. Pattern" carrier. This carrier was a complete redesign made of rubberized fabric and utilizing both clips and a shoulder strap. These were unlined and were produced in 67 only. They are quite rare today. The next variation of the 2qt cover had all of the features of the "3rd Pattern" plus the addition of a pile lining and it was made entirely of nylon. This "4th Pattern" was made from 1968 until 1971 when it was replaced in 1972 with the "modern" 2qt cover that is still produced today. (the key difference between a 68 to 71 cover and a 72 to modern is the shape of the flap. The early ones have a distinctive scallop curved edge where the modern cover is straight across.)

VIII. Rucksacks

Intro: There seems to be some confusion amongst reenactors and new collectors as to the types of rucksacks issued during the Vietnam War. I am often asked the differences between an early Alice pack and the lightweight ruck. So here are some pointers and features to look for.

Lightweight Rucksack: The lightweight rucksack (herein known as lw ruck) is the primary Ruck used in the Vietnam War. Introduced in 1963, but not fully accepted until 1965, the Lightweight Ruck consisted of a detachable nylon bag with three external pockets and one main interior pocket. The bag could be attached in multiple locations on a tubular aluminum frame. Unlike the Alice Pack, all of the cross bars on the Lightweight Ruck frame are rounded. It has no flat structural parts (aside from one small side tab). The pack also incorporated multiple attachment points on the exterior for machetes, canteens, etc. Key features to look for that are different from an Alice Pack are: 1) the method of attachment. A LW Ruck uses two nylon straps that go around the frame and secure to buckles on the pack body. The Alice Pack has a built in "pocket" that is padded and sits on top of the frame. 2) External Pockets. The LW Ruck has pocket flaps and pull tab closures much like an Alice Pack. However, the LW Ruck has the base of the closure tabs sewn to the pocket and the Alice pack has snap closures on the bottom of the pocket. The LW Ruck also has a brown, bell shaped slide keeper on the closure for the main compartment and it has a pocket on the inside of the main flap that has a direction sheet attached. These Lightweight Ruck photos are form Graham Sherwood's Vietnam Database (see links section- he takes much better photos than I do).

 

Tropical Rucksack: The Tropical Rucksack was introduced in 1968 as part of the M-67 equipment. The 68 dated example that I have has the early plastic snaps on the pockets like all first issue 67 gear. It was first issued to "priority" units including Special Forces, Rangers, and Divisional Recon. It would be more common to see the Lightweight Ruck in a line unit in 1968 than the Tropical Rucksack. This Ruck is easily identified as it has an integrated frame in the shape of an "X" that can be seen looking at the side of the Ruck that goes against your back. This pack was bigger than the lightweight rucksack, but incorporated the same basic ideas of a large compartment with three external pockets.

 

IX. Machetes

Machete Scabbards: Machete scabbards is another point of authenticity for the Vietnam reenactor / collector. There are three types of scabbards from the Vietnam war that I am aware of. The first is the "WWII Style" with a heavy, dark OD rubber body and a metal collar at the top stamped "US". The latest example of this style that I have is dated 1966. In 1967, a new model was introduced that looks almost exactly like the "modern" carrier you can buy today. It has the swivel attachment and built in sharpener. The difference is that the finish on the body is smooth and not textured. The example below is 67' dated. Finally there is the "modern" carrier made by Marmac that is current military contract. It is exactly the same as the 68' dated carrier below. The only difference is that it says "1968" beneath Marmac instead of "2002". The example below is dated 68 and has all of the features, color, texture of the new ones. So for reenacting, if you obscure the date or hang it from your rucksack through the pocket where it can't be read, it will look identical.

Pictured left to right 66',67',68' Marmac Sheaths. Close ups of 66',67',68'

Machete: How do you know when a machete was made? The easiest way for Ontario Knife Co. Machetes (the most prevalent manufacturer), is the location of the stampings on the bade. Holding the machete in your hand with the blade tip facing up, all have "US" stamped straight across. Vietnam Era Machetes then have the "Ontario" stampings running perpendicular to the "US" while current manufacture have the "US" and "Ontario" running parallel.

X. Weapons At A Glance *note, the purpose of this section is to provide a quick visual reference, not an in-depth history.

U.S. Rifle M-14: The M-14 was the natural progression of the M1 Garand. The M-14 was used in the mid sixties with some of the first Army units that deployed to Vietnam. The XM-16E1 quickly replaced it in Army use as a line infantry weapon (it continued on in sniper roles evolving into the XM21), but the US Marine Corps continued to issue the rifle for another 2 years.

U.S. Rifle M-16: The first M-16 was issued on an Air Force contract and had several distinctive features. The most obvious is the lack of a forward assist. Other features included a solid buttstock (no trap-door), triangle handguards, three-prong flash suppressor, standard contour "pencil" barrel and straight pistol grip (no finger groove).

U.S. Rifle XM16-E1 and M16-A1: There were several improvements made in the M-16A1 Rifle over the course of it's use. There seems to be much confusion on the subject, so we will attempt to address some of the most common. While it is true that the M-16A1 was officially introduced in 1967, the US Army did not issue the "straight" M-16 to line infantry units. The First Cav was sent to Vietnam in 1965 with the "experimental" XM-16E1 which had the addition of the tear drop forward assist. This is important to note when putting together a rifle for your impression as a forward assist will be more correct. The primary difference from the XM-16E1 from the M-16A1 was the addition of a chrome bore. The three prong flash hider was changed to a full birdcage later based on the fact that the three prong was prone to snagging. The M-16A1 also incorporated "fencing" on the lower receiver around the magazine release button. Another late 60's addition was a buttstock that incorporated a trap door to hold the cleaning rod. This addition was in conjunction with the 4 piece cleaning rod as the 3 piece rod made through 67' / early 68' was too long to fit in the stock.

CAR-15 Commando, XM-177 and XM17E2: The CAR-15 Commando was the first attempt at making a compact version of the M-16 (see first two photos). It was quite simply a "chopped" down rifle consisting of a 10" barrel with shortened triangular handguards and a first generation non-vented "moderator". In addition the collapsible stock was based on the design of the full size buttstock. The project was refined leading to the XM-177 Series (3rd Photo). The rifle was essentially an M-16A1 with a re-designed two position collapsible aluminum stock and shortened upper receiver. The XM-177 (third and fourth pictures) featured a 10.5" barrel with a 4" moderator while the XM-17E2 (fifth picture) introduced in 67' featured an 11.5" barrel with a 4" moderator. ATF has ruled these moderators as suppressors, but it is important to note that the moderator is not a true suppressor in the classical "Hollywood" sense. It was not designed to make the rifle inaudible, it was designed to reduce the "bark" of a short barrel to that of a standard M-16A1 while also providing more control for the short barreled weapon.
 

U.S. Grenade Launchers M-79, XM-148 and M-203: All of the grenade launchers fielded by the US military in Vietnam were 40mm, single shot launchers. The M-79 Grenade Launcher (1st. Photo) saw use throughout the entire Vietnam War and was never fully replaced by the "over and under" systems mounted in conjunction with the M16 series of rifles. The first of the combination systems was the XM-148 (second photo) which was designed in 1965 and began issue in 1966. The XM-148 had several flaws, the most of glaring of which was the complication of its use and the fragility of its cocking and firing arms. The XM-148 was replaced in 1969 by the XM-203 (not pictured) which was adopted as standard in 1970 as the M-203 Grenade Launcher.

U.S. Machinegun M-60:

Sniper Rifles:
US ARMY: By the late 1960's the US Army had formalized the XM-21 Sniper System. The system was based on the M-14 Rifle in conjunction with the AR-TEL range-finding scope (based on the Redfield 3x-9x). 

US MARINES: In 1966 the Marine Corps adopted the M40 Sniper Rifle System to replace the Winchester Model 70. The system was built around a Remington M700 Short Action in 7.62 and fitted with a green anodized Redfield 3x-9x Accu-Range Scope.

XI. Assembling a Rifle for Reenacting

How Do I Convert or Assemble a Rifle for Vietnam Reenacting? I have been asked this question several times and thought it would be best to describe the various methods here as well as some good resources. First, there are several ways to acquire a suitable rifle for Vietnam reenacting: 1) Buy one already configured 2) Assemble one from the ground up 3) convert your AR-15A2. Either way you chose, the main features you are looking for are a solid or A1 buttstock (an A1 only has checkering on the trapdoor unlike the A2 which has a fully checkered buttstock), a straight pistol grip (no finger groove), A1 rear site (not a removable block like an A2), tear drop forward assist, no brass deflector behind the ejection port, a standard contour barrel (not a heavy barrel or "H-BAR"), triangle handguards, bayonet lug, three prong or full bird cage flash hider (the A2 uses a birdcage that is solid underneath to prevent dirt kickup when firing in the prone position).

Buying A Rifle: Probably the easiest way for most people is to buy a Colt SP-1 or Sporter 1. The SP-1 does not have a forward assist, but you can replace the upper receiver later if you so choose. SP-1's are referred to as "large hole: lowers meaning the front hole is larger than military contract rifles. If putting an M16-A1 upper receiver on the rifle, you will need an "offset" or "adapter" pin to put the small hole upper on the large hole lower. These can be purchased online from Fulton Armory or Bushmaster for about $5.00. SP-1's can be found at gun shows, online auctions such as Gunbroker.com and AuctionArms.com and often in local stores. Be prepared to spend from $1100 to $1300 depending on condition and the seller.

Assembling a Rifle: First buy a lower receiver. Receivers often encountered are made by Bushmaster, Colt, DPMS, Rock River, etc. It does not matter which one you use. Once you have your lower, add the straight pistol grip and early style buttstock (you will need a short buttstock screw as the A2 stock has a spacer behind the buffer tube and uses a longer screw). Locate an M-16 Upper receiver, they are usually quite common at gun shows and online. You should be able to find a complete upper (A1 receiver, teardrop forward assist, 20" barrel, handguards, etc) for about $350 to $400. Simply pin them to the lower and add a bolt and carrier and you are done.

I know there are always cheaper ways to do things and if you are willing to scour around and hunt for a bargain you can find them at gun shows, etc., but right out of the gate using the internet, you can do a "top of the line" rifle for about $700. This is using a correct style lower, if you want to use an A2 lower, you can knock it down to close to $600 as there are good stripped A2 lowers for about half of the NoDak lowers.

Lower $155
Reproduction XM-16E1 Lower ($175) or M-16A1 Lower ($155) from NoDak Spud. They are already anodized in the correct gray color and are true early style lowers (no A2 reinforcements or incorrect front mag well angle).
(http://nodakspud.com/AR%20Lowers.htm)

Lower Parts Kit $55
These are good parts kits from Del-Ton that are all steel and aluminum (no plastic parts)
(http://www.del-ton.com/AR_15_Lower_Parts_Standard_s/85.htm)

Buffer, Buffer Tube, Spring $33
You need all three and no one includes them in lower parts kits as many use collapsible stocks.
(http://www.del-ton.com/AR_15_Lower_Parts_Standard_s/85.htm)

Buttstock and Pistol Grip $35-$45
Most surplus furniture can be found for around $5 to $10 for pistol grips and $25 to $35 for buttstocks.

Bolt and Carrier $110
Del-ton has a "standard" price that is par for other vendors at $110 on regular carriers and I think their chrome bolt set is a good buy at $155.
(http://www.del-ton.com/AR_15_Lower_Parts_Standard_s/85.htm)

Charging Handle $17
This is the standard rate from most e-vendors for the part, but if you are buying other parts from them, may as well save on shipping.
(http://www.del-ton.com/AR_15_Charging_Handle_Assemblies_s/96.htm)

Complete Upper Receiver $295
Gunny's Surplus did have these for $215, but I guess they got wind that they were a little more valuable. This is still not a bad price, but Ohio Ordnance has them NOS for about $315 I believe.
(http://www.gunnyssurplus.com/m16a1-up.html)
 

Converting your A2: If you already have an AR-15 rifle that is of "A2" style, it is a fairly easy process to convert it for reenacting. First purchase an M16A1 upper receiver without a bolt and carrier (you can use the one you have). Simply remove the front pivot pin and put the new A1 upper on in place of the A2. Now, remove the buttstock (top screw) and install the older style on the existing buffer tube. One note is that the A2 buttstock is longer and uses a "spacer" at the end of the buffer tube. You will not use this spacer with the shorter full and A1 buttstock. Next remove the pistol grip screw and install a straight pistol grip and you are done.